侵权法 第2版【2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载】

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1 Introduction1

1.1 What is a tort?1

1.2 The classification of torts3

1.3 The organisation of this book4

Preface7

Table of Cases8

Part Ⅰ THE TORT OF NEGLIGENCE9

2 Negligence:introduction9

2.1 Origins9

2.2 The elements of the tort of negligence10

2.3 Negligence:a developing tort11

2.4 The objectives of negligence law13

Summary16

Exercises16

3 The duty of care concept17

3.1 The nature of the duty of care concept17

3.2 Testing the existence of a duty of care18

3.3 Caparo and the retreat from Anns19

Table of Statutes20

3.4 Foreseeability21

3.5 Proximity23

3.6 Fairness,justice and reasonableness25

Summary29

Exercises29

4.1 What is nervous shock?30

4 Nervous shock30

4.2 Competing judicial approaches31

4.3 Personal exposure to the risk of physical harm33

4.4 Witnesses35

4.5 Other categories of claimant39

4.6 Liability for stress42

4.7 Reform43

Summary45

Exercises46

5 Economic loss47

5.1 What is pure economic loss ?47

5.2 Defective product economic loss48

5.3 Exceptional liability for pure economic loss53

5.4 Direct assumption of responsibility56

5.5 Indirect reliance62

5.6 Indirect loss without reliance65

5.7 Hedley Byrne and the contract-tort boundary68

Summary71

Exercises72

6 Omissions73

6.1 Introduction73

6.2 Voluntary assumption of responsibility74

6.3 Protection of the vulnerable75

6.4 Acts of third parties and relationships of control75

6.5 Creation of a source of danger77

6.6 Owners and occupiers of land78

6.7 Statutory powers and duties80

Exercises83

Summary83

7 Special duty problems:particular parties84

7.1 Rescuers84

7.2 The unborn child86

7.3 Public bodies88

7.4 The police93

7.5 The legal profession95

Summary96

Exercises97

8 Breach of the duty of care98

8.1 Introduction98

8.2 The objective standard of care98

8.3 Application of the objective standard100

8.4 Common practice102

8.5 Proof of negligence103

Summary105

Exercises105

9 Causation107

9.1 Causation in fact and the but for test107

9.2 Multiple causation109

9.3 Proof of causation in fact112

9.4 Legal causation115

Summary119

Exercises119

10 Remoteness of damage121

10.1 The Wagon Mound test of remoteness121

10.2 The concept of foreseeability examined122

10.3 The type of loss requirement123

10.4 The thin skull rule125

10.5 Impecuniosity126

Summary126

Exercises127

11 Defences128

11.1 Voluntary assumption of risk:introduction128

11.2 Voluntary assumption of risk:waivers of liability130

11.3 Volenti non fit iniuria131

11.4 Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977135

11.5 Contributory negligence137

11.6 Illegality138

Summary141

Exercises142

Part Ⅱ INTERFERENCE WITH THE PERSON AND PERSONAL PROPERTY145

12 Interference with the person and personal property145

12.1 Overview145

12.2 Fault-based and strict liability146

12.3 Compensation for personal injuries147

12.4 The mixed system of accident compensation148

12.5 The Pearson Commission proposals150

12.6 Comprehensive compensation schemes152

Summary153

Exercises154

13 Occupiers liability155

13.1 Introduction155

13.2 Scope of the Occupiers Liability Act 1957155

13.3 Who is an occupier?156

13.4 Who is a visitor?157

13.5 The common duty of care160

13.6 Defences163

13.7 Liability of trespassers164

13.8 The Occupiers Liability Act 1984164

Summary167

Exercises168

14 Product liability169

14.1 Product liability at common law169

14.2 Reform:the Consumer Protection Act 1987170

14.3 Meaning of product171

14.4 Meaning of defect172

14.5 Who can be liable under the Act?174

14.6 Who can recover under the Act?175

14.7 Defences176

Summary179

Exercises179

15 Breach of statutory duty180

15.1 Introduction180

15.2 Inferring the existence of the tort181

15.3 Ascertaining Parliament s intention183

15.4 Elements of the tort190

15.5 Reform191

Summary192

Exercises193

16.2 Trespass and negligence194

16.1 Introduction194

16 Trespass to the person194

16.3 Assault and battery196

16.4 False imprisonment201

16.5 Intentional infliction of physical harm other than trespass to the person:Wilkinson v.Downton204

16.6 Damages206

16.7 Defences to trespass to the person206

Summary213

Exercises213

Part Ⅲ INTERFERENCE WITH LAND219

17 Interference with land:introduction219

17.1 Property,tort and crime219

17.2 Trespass,nuisance and negligence220

Summary221

18 Private nuisance222

18.1 The nature of private nuisance222

18.2 Protected rights and interests222

18.3 Unlawful interference225

18.4 Who can sue?232

18.5 Who can be liable?233

18.6 Defences235

18.7 Nuisances on or adjacent to the highway237

18.8 The relationship between nuisance and negligence238

Summary240

Exercises241

19 The rule in Rylands v.Fletcher242

19.1 Introduction242

19.2 Non-natural use of land243

19.3 Escape244

19.4 Remoteness of damage244

19.5 Parties245

19.6 Defences246

19.7 Fire247

Summary248

Exercises248

Part Ⅳ INTERFERENCE WITH REPUTATION251

20 Defamation251

20.1 Interference with personality generally251

20.2 The law of defamation255

20.3 The statement must be defamatory255

20.4 The statement must be published to a third person259

20.5 Reference to the plaintiff261

20.6 Damage:the distinction between libel and slander263

20.7 Defences264

20.8 Damages278

Summary279

Exercises280

Part Ⅴ GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF TORTIOUS LIABILITY285

21 Vicarious liability and joint torts285

21.1 Introduction285

21.2 Justifications for vicarious liability286

21.3 Master and servant relationship286

21.4 The course of employment288

21.5 Liability for independent contractors291

21.6 Joint and several liability:the distinction between joint,several concurrent and separate tortfeasors293

21.7 Contribution between tortfeasors294

Summary296

Exercises297

22 Remedies298

22.1 The indemnity principle298

22.2 Contemptuous,nominal,aggravated and exemplary damages298

22.3 Damages recoverable once only306

22.4 Special and general damages310

22.5 Damages for personal injuries310

22.6 The assessment of an award of damages311

22.7 Non-pecuniary loss312

22.8 Pecuniary loss315

22.10 Collateral benefits327

22.9 Interest327

22.11 Damages for death329

22.12 The effect of death on existing causes of action:the Law Reform(Miscellaneous Provisions)Act 1934329

22.13 Claims by the deceased s dependants:the Fatal Accidents Act 1976330

22.14 Assessment of damages for loss of dependency332

22.15 Apportionment between dependants335

22.16 Deductions in dependency cases335

22.17 Property damage and economic loss336

22.18 Injunctions339

Summary341

Exercises342

Bibliography345

Index349